Long-term complications include cardiovascular disease, diabetic nephropathy, and diabetic retinopathy. Acute complications include hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, or hyperosmolar nonketotic coma (HHNC). Diabetes without proper treatment can cause many complications. Patients with type 2 diabetes may need exogenous insulin injections when oral medications cannot properly control the blood glucose levels. Thus, type 1 diabetes is also known as insulin-dependent DM. Patients with T1DM need daily insulin injections because of the absolute insufficiency of endogenous insulin caused by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β cells. DM is mainly divided into four categories: type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), gestational diabetes, and monogenic diabetes. In this review, we discuss the current research advances in strategies to obtain insulin-producing cells (IPCs) from different precursor cells and in stem cell-based therapies for diabetes.ĭiabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of chronic metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia due to insufficient secretion of insulin or insulin resistance. However, many unsolved issues need to be addressed before stem cell therapy will be clinically feasible for diabetic patients. With the advent of research on stem cell therapy for various diseases, breakthroughs in stem cell-based therapy for T1DM have been reported. Stem cell therapy holds great potential for curing patients with T1DM. Attempts have been directed to accommodate the increasing population of patients with T1DM. However, a critical shortage of pancreases and islets derived from human organ donors, complications associated with transplantations, high cost, and limited procedural availability remain bottlenecks in the widespread application of these strategies. Pancreas and islet transplantation have emerged as promising treatments for reconstructing the normal regulation of blood glucose in T1DM patients. Administration or injection of exogenous insulin cannot mimic the endogenous insulin secreted by a healthy pancreas. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is the most common chronic autoimmune disease in young patients and is characterized by the loss of pancreatic β cells as a result, the body becomes insulin deficient and hyperglycemic.
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